Command Design Pattern

Last modified on October 18th, 2014 by Joe.

Command design pattern is used to encapsulate a request as an object and pass to an invoker, wherein the invoker does not knows how to service the request but uses the encapsulated command to perform an action.

To understand command design pattern we should understand the associated key terms like client, command, command implementation, invoker, receiver.

Command Pattern Discussion

It will be easier to understand all the above with an example. Let us think of developing a universal remote. Our UnversalRemote will have only two buttons, one is to power on and another is to mute all associated ConsumerElectronics.

For ConsumerElectronics we will have couple of implementations Television and SoundSystem. Button is a class that is the invoker of an action.

OnCommand is used to switch on a ConsumerElectronics. While instantaiting OnCommand client needs to set the receiver. Here receiver is either Television or SoundSystem. UniversalRemote class will maintain all the receivers and will provide a method to identify the currently active receiver.

When an instance of a invoker is created, a concrete command is passed to it. Invoker does not know how to perform an action. All it does is honoring the agreement with the Command. Invoker calls the execute() method of the set concrete command.

UML Diagram for Command Pattern

Command Pattern Example Implementation

Command.java

package com.javapapers.designpattern.command;

public interface Command {

	public abstract void execute();

}

OnCommand.java

package com.javapapers.designpattern.command;

public class OnCommand implements Command {

	private ConsumerElectronics ce;

	public OnCommand(ConsumerElectronics ce) {
		this.ce = ce;
	}

	public void execute() {
		ce.on();
	}
}

MuteAllCommand.java

package com.javapapers.designpattern.command;

import java.util.List;

public class MuteAllCommand implements Command {
	List ceList;

	public MuteAllCommand(List ceList) {
		this.ceList = ceList;
	}

	@Override
	public void execute() {

		for (ConsumerElectronics ce : ceList) {
			ce.mute();
		}

	}
}

ConsumerElectronics.java

package com.javapapers.designpattern.command;

public interface ConsumerElectronics {
	public abstract void on();
	public abstract void mute();
}

Television.java

package com.javapapers.designpattern.command;

public class Television implements ConsumerElectronics {

	public void on() {
		System.out.println("Television is on!");
	}

	@Override
	public void mute() {
		System.out.println("Television is muted!");

	}
}

SoundSystem.java

package com.javapapers.designpattern.command;

public class SoundSystem implements ConsumerElectronics {

	public void on() {
		System.out.println("Sound system is on!");
	}

	@Override
	public void mute() {
		System.out.println("Sound system is muted!");

	}
}

Button.java

package com.javapapers.designpattern.command;

public class Button {
	Command c;

	public Button(Command c) {
		this.c = c;
	}

	public void click(){
		c.execute();
	}
}

UniversalRemote.java

package com.javapapers.designpattern.command;

public class UniversalRemote {

	public static ConsumerElectronics getActiveDevice() {
		// here we will have a complex electronic circuit :-)
		// that will maintain current device
		Television tv = new Television();
		return tv;
	}

}

DemoCommandPattern.java

package com.javapapers.designpattern.command;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class DemoCommandPattern {
	public static void main(String args[]) {

		// OnCommand is instantiated based on active device supplied by Remote
		ConsumerElectronics ce = UniversalRemote.getActiveDevice();
		OnCommand onCommand = new OnCommand(ce);
		Button onButton = new Button(onCommand);
		onButton.click();

		Television tv = new Television();
		SoundSystem ss = new SoundSystem();
		List all = new ArrayList();
		all.add(tv);
		all.add(ss);
		MuteAllCommand muteAll = new MuteAllCommand(all);
		Button muteAllButton = new Button(muteAll);
		muteAllButton.click();

	}
}

Download Command Pattern Java Source Code

Important Points on Command Pattern

Command Pattern in JDK

Implementations of java.lang.Runnable and javax.swing.Action follows command design pattern.

Comments on "Command Design Pattern"

  1. Archana says:

    Nice Explanation …………………… Please explain MVP Design Pattern too..

  2. Satheesh.C says:

    nice

  3. Ragu says:

    Interesting explanation. Please provide your way explanation to Session Facade. I have red in many articles but not satisfied.

  4. Praveen Kumar Jayaram says:

    Nice explanation.

  5. Satyprasad says:

    Good effort. I appreciate the way you present the content. Well organized.

    In my view this article is missing one point that is, its Real Time usage in Projects along with general problems we face while implement it. If it was included in it, then it would be perfect.

    I would be more happy to look forward such articles with Real Time situations (when we will choose this pattern) along with general problems.

  6. Joe says:

    @Satyprasad,

    Thanks.
    Sure, your point noted.

  7. Animesh Das says:

    Nice Description..

  8. Dinesh says:

    very nice, but does it require to keep the instance variable of the commands same? So that DemoCommandPattern need not write code specific to a command. Please correct me if I am wrong.

  9. Sharil says:

    Can you explain how Struts Controller(ActionServlet, RequestProcessor) uses the Command Design Pattern

  10. pradyut sharma says:

    very good description

  11. Amit says:

    Great article!!
    One doubt..Don’t you think that Button should be part of IniversalRemote class?

  12. Anonymous says:

    Your site has really been a great help.. thanks …

  13. sahil says:

    how we can create?

  14. Moore says:

    Your tutorials are too good to miss!

  15. Kasun says:

    I think in the diagram UniversalRemote does not need to have an association for Button.
    right?

    Rest is excellent. Thanks for sharing

  16. Niranjana says:

    Nice Article

  17. chandan kumar says:

    hi,
    all
    I want to maintain the state of checkboxes across pages.
    What happens is when i check one checkbox and then go to say 2nd page then check one checkbox there and when i return to previous page the checked box is again unchecked.
    Means the status of the checkbox is not maintained.If it is maintained then it should show checked.

    I am using jsps and display tag in jsp for pagination.
    Any kind of help would be greatly appreciated.

    please help me…………………………

  18. Anonymous says:

    Chandan,

    You need pass on flag which pass on the state of the check box when you navigate from one page to another page and vise visa if there are any change in the check box status then flag has to be marked accordingly .Hope this clue will help you

  19. Gurpreet Singh says:

    thanks for notes
    please sir tell me about the j components

  20. lakshmi says:

    thanks u sir for this note

  21. heispa1@gmail.com says:

    Hi Joe,

    Your articals are really just awsome.
    I really am able to call back Einsteins Quote:”Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler.”
    The way you explain was really cool.
    I am still in between reading your blogs on design patterns..

    Can u please give a clarification on how to create dynamic objects along with new instace of a class?
    If it is explained in any of the design patterns please ping me that link..i’ll go through it.

    What am expecting is something like this.

    for(;;){
    Pavan p=new Pavan();//Pavan is a class
    }

    At the end what i want to acheive is to find the number of instances of that particular class.

    Thank you,
    Pavan Karasala

  22. heispa1@gmail.com says:

    Is there a way to find objects present in one JVM from another JVM?

    Via RMI/JMS/Web service we need to either send the object from other vm or something else…but we cannot jst browse through the objects in another JVM..Please correct me about what i am trying to saying is meaningful…

    Regards,
    Pavan Karasala

  23. arvind says:

    Nice article….

  24. shilpa says:

    Nice Blog

  25. Anonymous says:

    use a filter.and one map which will keep stock of pages in terms of mapping or path info and check box status.

    if any changes happen modify the entryset of map retrieving it from session.

    instantiate the map on session listener’s activate session.and put that in session.

  26. Mahendra says:

    really learning a lot from you

  27. Samuel says:

    Hello Joe,How to read any number of lines from the console in java?
    It is easy in c/c++

    Regards
    Samuel

  28. vikrant says:

    The article was good, but it keeps some questions unanswered like,
    Why do we really create this complex structure ? When UniversalRemote already has access to ConsumerElectronics, why not directly invoke ConsumerElectronics.on() and ConsumerElectronics.muteAll() methods, when the appropriate button is clicked, what is the advantage of creating the intermediate classes like Command ?

  29. Rakesh Vende says:

    If aim is to keep the receiver and invoker of command decoupled from each other, intermediary interface is needed.

    Most of the design pattern based on this design principal. “Classes should be open for extension, but closed for modification”.

    If I have to add ConsumerElectricals to be switched on from the same Button class, then the scenario that have been suggested by you ask me to modify the existing button implementation which violates above rule. However with the Command patters design would be like this.

    interface ConsumerElectrical{

    public void switchOn();
    }

    class CeilingFan implements ConsummerElectricals{

    public void switchOn{
    System.out.println(“Fan is switched on”);
    }
    }

    class ElectricalsSwitchOnCommand implements Command{

    ConsumerElectrical CE;
    ElectricalsSwitchOnCommand(ConsumerElectrical CE){
    this.CE = CE;
    }

    public void execute(){

    CE.swithcon();
    }

    }

    Public class demo{

    public static void main(String [] args){

    ConsumerElectronics ce = UniversalRemote().getActiveDevice();

    Command C = new onCOmmand(cs);
    Button b = new Button(c);
    b.click();

    ConsumerElectricals cel = getActiveDevice();

    Command cl = new ElectricalsSwitchOnCommand();
    Button b = newbutton(cl)
    b.click();

    }
    }

  30. Arun Abraham says:

    Your tutorials are just amazing. Relying on your tutorials rather than my text book :)

  31. Joe says:

    Welcom Arun. Enjoy :-)

  32. Sadhu Bala Bhaskar says:

    Hi Joe,

    This article is really very useful for the beginners in Java. I really appreciate the effort you put in explaining in more diagrammatic way.

    I got a question… why @Override annotation is used only for one method (mute()).

    Is it a typo or any other reason ?

    public class Television implements ConsumerElectronics {

    public void on() {
    System.out.println(“Sound system is on!”);
    }

    @Override
    public void mute() {
    System.out.println(“Sound system is muted!”);

    }

    Thanks & Regards,
    Sadhu

  33. Nilesh says:

    yes it should be as both method are from
    ConsumerElectronics interface.

    public class Television implements ConsumerElectronics {

    @Override
    public void on() {
    System.out.println(“Sound system is on!”);
    }

    @Override
    public void mute() {
    System.out.println(“Sound system is muted!”);

    }

  34. Sriram says:

    Wonderful articles Joe!
    Rakesh added extra value with his comments giving some coded explanation.
    Both your work is appreciated
    Joe, you deserve a Hip, Hip, Hurray!

  35. vinay says:

    By default all the methods in an interface is abstract. Then why in command.java you used

    public void abstract execute();

    ?

  36. vinay says:

    sorry its

    public abstract void execute();

  37. ernie says:

    Isn’t MVC pattern part of the observer design pattern?

  38. Triguna says:

    This pattern is too complex or confusing… The examples given here are very nice and could understand but I was not able to correlate exactly on how it is implemented in JDK – Runnable and Action implementations.

  39. fabian kessler says:

    Here’s an open source command framework for Java: github.com/optimaize/command4j (disclaimer: I’m co-author)

  40. Ankur says:

    Very Nice description Joe. You site helps me a lot.

  41. Zaheer says:

    nice complex circuit… :-)

  42. anup junagade says:

    all your articles for design pattern are very good and useful. I really appreciate your good work .Thanks a lot for your help

  43. Dinoop p says:

    Dear Joe, please include some the use cases of this pattern in real programming problems.

Comments are closed for "Command Design Pattern".