Java Polymorphism

Last modified on August 1st, 2014 by Joe.

Ability of an organism to take different shapes is polymorphism in bio world. A simplest definition in computer terms would be, handling different data types using the same interface. In this tutorial, we will learn about what is polymorphism in computer science and how polymorphism can be used in Java.

I wish this tutorial will help address the following,

Types of Polymorphism

Polymorphism in computer science was introduced in 1967 by Christopher Strachey. Please let me know with reference if it is not a fact and the tutorial can be updated. Following are the two major types of polymorphism as defined by Strachey.

  1. Ad hoc Polymorphism
  2. Parametric Polymorphism

Later these were further categorized as below:

Polymorphism

Ad hoc Polymorphism

"Ad-hoc polymorphism is obtained when a function works, or appears to work, on several different types (which may not exhibit a common structure) and may behave in unrelated ways for each type.  Parametric polymorphism is obtained when a function works uniformly on a range of types; these types normally exhibit some common structure." – Strachey 1967

If we want to say the above paragraph in two words, they are operator overloading and function overloading. Determining the operation of a function based on the arguments passed.

Ad hoc Polymorphism in Java

In Java we have function overloading and we do not have operator overloading. Yes we have “+” operator implemented in a polymorphic way.


String fruits = "Apple" + "Orange";
int a = b + c;

The definition is when the type is different, the internal function adjusts itself accordingly. int and float are different types and so even the following can be included in polymorphism operator overloading.


int i = 10 - 3;
float f = 10.5 - 3.5;

Similarly even * and / can be considered as overloaded for int and float types.

Having said all the above, these are all language implemented features. Developers cannot custom overload an operator. So answer for the question, “does Java supports operator overloading?” is “yes and no”.

Java wholeheartedly supports function overloading. We can have same function name with different argument type list. For function overloading in Java I have already written a super-hit tutorial and I am sure you will enjoy reading it.

In inheritance, the ability to replace an inherited method in the subclass by providing a different implementation is overriding. Function overriding in is discussed in the same tutorial as overloading.

Polymorphism is a larger concept which consists of all these different types. So it is not right to say that overloading or overriding alone is polymorphism. It is more than that.

Coercion Polymorphism

Implicit type conversion is called coercion polymorphism. Assume that we have a function with argument int. If we call that function by passing a float value and if the the run-time is able to convert the type and use it accordingly then it is coercion polymorphism.

Now with this definition, let us see if Java has coercion polymorphism. The answer is half yes. Java supports widening type conversion and not narrowing conversions.

Narrowing Conversion


class FToC {
    public static float fToC (int fahrenheit) {
        return (fahrenheit - 32)*5/9;
    }

    public static void main(String args[]) {
        System.out.println(fToC(98.4));
    }
}

Java does not support narrowing conversion and we will get error as "FToC.java:7: fToC(int) in FToC cannot be applied to (double)"

Widening Conversion


class FToC {
    public static float fToC (float fahrenheit) {
        return (fahrenheit - 32)*5/9;
    }

    public static void main(String args[]) {
        System.out.println(fToC(98));
    }
}

The above code will work without an error in Java. We are passing an int value ’98’ wherein the expected value type is a float. Java implicitly converts int value to float and it supports widening conversion.

Universal Polymorphism

Universal polymorphism is the ability to handle types universally. There will be a common template structure available for operations definition irrespective of the types. Universal polymorphism is categorized into inclusion polymorphism and parametric polymorphism.

Inclusion polymorphism (subtype polymorphism)

Substitutability was introduced by eminent Barbara Liskov and Jeannette Wing. It is also called as Liskov substitution principle.

“Let T be a super type and S be its subtype (parent and child class). Then, instances (objects) of T can be substituted with instances of S.”

Replacing the supertype’s instance with a subtype’s instance. This is called inclusion polymorphism or subtype polymorphism. This is covariant type and the reverse of it is contravariant. We have discussed the substitution principle and covariant types, contravariant and invariant earlier in the linked tutorial. This is demonstrated with a code example. Java supports subtype polymorphism from Java / JDK version 1.5.

Parametric Polymorphism

Here we go, we have come to ‘Generics’. This is a nice topic and requires a full detailed tutorial with respect to Java. For now, parametric polymorphism is the ability to define functions and types in a generic way so that it works based on the parameter passed at runtime. All this is done without compromising type-safety.

The following source code demonstrates a generics feature of Java. It gives the ability to define a class and parameterize the type involved. The behavior of  the class is based on the parameter type passed when it is instantiated.


package com.javapapers.java;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class PapersJar {
	private List itemList = new ArrayList();

	public void add(T item) {
		itemList.add(item);
	}

	public T get(int index) {
		return itemList.get(index);
	}

	public static void main(String args[]) {
		PapersJar papersStr = new PapersJar();
		papersStr.add("Lion");
		String str = papersStr.get(0);
		System.out.println(str);

		PapersJar papersInt = new PapersJar();
		papersInt.add(new Integer(100));
		Integer integerObj = papersInt.get(0);
		System.out.println(integerObj);
	}
}

Static Binding vs Dynamic Binding

Give all the above polymorphism types, we can classify these under different two broad groups static binding and dynamic binding. It is based on when the binding is done with the corresponding values. If the references are resolved at compile time, then it is static binding and if the references are resolved at runtime then it is dynamic binding. Static binding and dynamic binding also called as early binding and late binding. Sometimes they are also referred as static polymorphism and dynamic polymorphism.

Let us take overloading and overriding for example to understand static and dynamic binding. In the below code, first call is dynamic binding. Whether to call the obey method of DomesticAnimal or Animal is resolve at runtime and so it is dynamic binding. In the second call, whether the method obey() or obey(String i) should be called is decided at compile time and so this is static binding.


package com.javapapers.java;

public class Binding {

	public static void main(String args[]) {
		Animal animal = new DomesticAnimal();
		System.out.println(animal.obey());

		DomesticAnimal domesticAnimal = new DomesticAnimal();
		System.out.println(domesticAnimal.obey("Ok!"));
	}
}

class Animal {
	public String obey() {
		return "No!";
	}

}

class DomesticAnimal extends Animal {
	public String obey() {
		return "Yes!";
	}

	public String obey(String i) {
		return i;
	}
}

Output:

Yes!

Ok!

Advantages of Polymorphism

Comments on "Java Polymorphism"

  1. Narendran Solai Sridharan says:

    Nice Blog. In a similar fashion are there any types in encapsulation?

  2. Joe says:

    Thanks, with respect to encapsulation please check
    https://javapapers.com/core-java/java-encapsulation/

  3. Jagannathan S says:

    I am from Computer Science background & Concept wise, I am familiar with the Core Java. But, During interviews I am not able to answer as efficiently as possible. I think like I am required to have some practical knowledge so that it will be easy for me to crack the interview & gain confidence. From where should i start for the core java experience ?? Any suggestions would help. Thanks in advance.

    P.S: I didnt see any column for posting this question due to which I happened to post here.

  4. Piyush says:

    Very good sir. I like your all totorial.

  5. Hamid says:

    great article about polymorphism
    thanks Joe.

  6. Joseph says:

    There might be a typo in the “Types of Polymorphism” paragraph. It states that the 2 main types are Ad hoc Polymorphism and Parametric Polymorphism, but shouldn’t the second one be Universal (judging by the diagram/article)

    Great Articles, Great Blog!!! I’m going through your blog like a kid in a candy store!

  7. Pratik says:

    From where do you get all these info.

    Nice one Joe.

  8. Praveen says:

    Wow I never knew polymorphism has such a wide scope. Really enlightening article.

  9. Praveen says:

    Correct ! Agree with you

  10. preetam says:

    sir i have a confussion about this….

    Adavanced java snippet…

    WindowListener(new WindowListener() {
    });

    WindowListener is a interface than how it is possible to make a object like this [ new WindowListener()]………we know the object of a interfcae is not possible…

    plz reply….

  11. john says:

    In coding example on parametric polymorphism, you use both lower-case ‘t’ and upper-case ‘T’ as type parameters. Should these be the same?

  12. Joe says:

    No that’s a mistake, everything should be in upper-case ‘T’. Its caused by the WordPress editor :-(

    Thanks John for highlighting that, I have updated it now.

  13. Joe says:

    Thanks Praveen.

  14. vijay says:

    hello Joe,

    Nice blog as always. I really found this helpful. one doubt. you are passing string in generic example provided where String should be there..am I correct?

  15. bhanu says:

    I understood how Abstraction concept is used in Inheritance and Encapsulation but how is abstraction concept used in Polymorphism?

  16. Igantious antony says:

    Mr.Joe,

    Your all articles are very good and easily reached to all java developers

    ignatony@gmail.com

  17. kiran says:

    Hi joe,

    Can you add search option in your site so that it is easy to search with kewords..

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